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John Calvin on the deathbed. John Calvin (1509 - 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, including its doctrines of predestination and of God's absolute sovereignty in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation. Calvinist doctrines were influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other Christian traditions. Various Congregational, Reformed and Presbyterian churches, which look to Calvin as the chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world. Wood engraving based on an oil painting (1829) by Joseph Hornung, (Swiss painter, 1792-1870) in the International Museum of the Reformation, Genova, Switzerland, published in 1876.