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John Locke (1632-1704) is one of the most influential philosophers in modern history and is widely considered the father of classical liberalism. ► Theory of Knowledge – Empiricism ► In his masterpiece, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), Locke argues that the mind at birth is a blank slate (tabula rasa). All knowledge comes from experience: sensation (the senses) and reflection (the mind working on these sensations). → He rejected the idea of ​​innate ideas (unlike Descartes). ► In short: John Locke is the philosopher who bequeathed to us the fundamental ideas of freedom of conscience, democracy, and modern human rights. ► John Locke is the intellectual father of the modern idea that your conscience is untouchable – the foundation of all religious liberty and freedom of thought as we know it today. ► Antique engraving, late 19th century. Digital restoration by Pictore. No AI.