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The upper surface of a Hawaiian tree fern frond (Cibotium sp.) shows developing spore structures visible through the leaf tissue in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. Tree ferns are dominant plants in native Hawaiian forests, where they thrive in moist volcanic soils and contribute to forest structure and regeneration. The patterned fronds reflect adaptations to humid environments and play an essential role in the reproductive cycle of ferns within volcanic ecosystems.