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Siena, a medieval ancient city in the Tuscany region of central Italy, was once a powerful city - state on par with Florence. Renowned for its well - preserved historical charm, artistic heritage, and distinctive urban culture, it is a World Heritage Site. The Piazza del Campo, the heart of Siena, is also one of the most beautiful medieval squares in Europe.The Siena Cathedral (1136 - 1382), one of the largest cathedrals in Italy, integrates sculpture, oil painting, and Roman - Gothic architectural styles. It was constructed between 1136 and 1382. The exterior walls are built with alternating vertical layers of black - and - white volcanic rock and Carrara marble, creating a unique visual effect. Inside, the columns are made of Siena green marble. The cathedral houses sculptures by Nicola Pisano, Donatello, and Michelangelo. The Piccolomini Library preserves the murals depicting the life of Pope Pius II, painted by Pinturicchio.