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Turkey - Circa 1923: (Editor’s note: image softness at the edges and brief overexposure are present in the original footage.) Istanbul, effectively the capital, straddles the Bosphorus as the showcase of Islamic heritage and the legacy of the Ottoman Empire, but modern Turkey was recast by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk into a secular republic whose guardian, the Turkish Armed Forces, intervened in 1960 and again in 1971 amid student violence and political paralysis, imposing martial law, forcing Suleyman Demirel to resign, and steering a civilian parliament toward reforms under the watch of President Cevdet Sunay and elder statesman Ismet Inonu—a balancing act between order, reform, and parliamentary rule. (Footage by Roberto Machado Noa/Getty Images)